<!--
Copyright (C) Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.

SPDX-License-Identifier: curl
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# How curl Became Like This

Towards the end of 1996, Daniel Stenberg was spending time writing an IRC bot
for an Amiga related channel on EFnet. He then came up with the idea to make
currency-exchange calculations available to Internet Relay Chat (IRC) users.
All the necessary data were published on the Web; he only needed to automate
their retrieval.

## 1996

On November 11, 1996 the Brazilian developer Rafael Sagula wrote and released
HttpGet version 0.1.

Daniel extended this existing command-line open-source tool. After a few minor
adjustments, it did what he needed. The first release with Daniel's additions
was 0.2, released on December 17, 1996. Daniel quickly became the new
maintainer of the project.

## 1997

HttpGet 0.3 was released in January 1997 and now it accepted HTTP URLs on the
command line.

HttpGet 1.0 was released on April 8 1997 with brand new HTTP proxy support.

We soon found and fixed support for getting currencies over GOPHER. Once FTP
download support was added, the name of the project was changed and urlget 2.0
was released in August 1997. The http-only days were already passed.

Version 2.2 was released on August 14 1997 and introduced support to build for
and run on Windows and Solaris.

November 24 1997: Version 3.1 added FTP upload support.

Version 3.5 added support for HTTP POST.

## 1998

February 4: urlget 3.10

February 9: urlget 3.11

March 14: urlget 3.12 added proxy authentication.

The project slowly grew bigger. With upload capabilities, the name was once
again misleading and a second name change was made. On March 20, 1998 curl 4
was released. (The version numbering from the previous names was kept.)

(Unrelated to this project a company called Curl Corporation registered a US
trademark on the name "CURL" on May 18 1998. That company had then already
registered the curl.com domain back in November of the previous year. All this
was revealed to us much later.)

SSL support was added, powered by the SSLeay library.

August: first announcement of curl on freshmeat.net.

October: with the curl 4.9 release and the introduction of cookie support,
curl was no longer released under the GPL license. Now we are at 4000 lines of
code, we switched over to the MPL license to restrict the effects of
"copyleft".

November: configure script and reported successful compiles on several
major operating systems. The often-misunderstood -F option was added, and
curl could now simulate significant browser functionality. TELNET support was
added.

curl 5 was released in December 1998 and introduced the first ever curl man
page. People started making Linux RPM packages out of it.

## 1999

January: DICT support added.

OpenSSL took over and SSLeay was abandoned.

May: first Debian package.

August: `ldap://` and `file://` support added. The curl website gets 1300
visits weekly. Moved site to curl.haxx.nu.

September: Released curl 6.0. 15000 lines of code.

December 28: added the project on Sourceforge and started using its services
for managing the project.

## 2000

Spring: major internal overhaul to provide a suitable library interface.
The first non-beta release was named 7.1 and arrived in August. This offered
the easy interface and turned out to be the beginning of actually getting
other software and programs to be based on and powered by libcurl. Almost
20000 lines of code.

June: the curl site moves to "curl.haxx.se"

August, the curl website gets 4000 visits weekly.

The PHP guys adopted libcurl already the same month, when the first ever third
party libcurl binding showed up. CURL has been a supported module in PHP since
the release of PHP 4.0.2. This would soon get followers. More than 16
different bindings exist at the time of this writing.

September: kerberos4 support was added.

November: started the work on a test suite for curl. It was later re-written
from scratch again. The libcurl major SONAME number was set to 1.

## 2001

January: Daniel released curl 7.5.2 under a new license again: MIT (or
MPL). The MIT license is extremely liberal and can be combined with GPL
in other projects. This would finally put an end to the "complaints" from
people involved in GPLed projects that previously were prohibited from using
libcurl while it was released under MPL only. (Due to the fact that MPL is
deemed "GPL incompatible".)

March 22: curl supports HTTP 1.1 starting with the release of 7.7. This
also introduced libcurl's ability to do persistent connections. 24000 lines of
code. The libcurl major SONAME number was bumped to 2 due to this overhaul.
The first experimental `ftps://` support was added.

August: The curl website gets 8000 visits weekly. Curl Corporation contacted
Daniel to discuss "the name issue". After Daniel's reply, they have never
since got back in touch again.

September: libcurl 7.9 introduces cookie jar and `curl_formadd()`. During the
forthcoming 7.9.x releases, we introduced the multi interface slowly and
without many whistles.

September 25: curl (7.7.2) is bundled in Mac OS X (10.1) for the first time. It was
already becoming more and more of a standard utility of Linux distributions
and a regular in the BSD ports collections.

## 2002

June: the curl website gets 13000 visits weekly. curl and libcurl is
35000 lines of code. Reported successful compiles on more than 40 combinations
of CPUs and operating systems.

To estimate the number of users of the curl tool or libcurl library is next to
impossible. Around 5000 downloaded packages each week from the main site gives
a hint, but the packages are mirrored extensively, bundled with numerous OS
distributions and otherwise retrieved as part of other software.

October 1: with the release of curl 7.10 it is released under the MIT license
only.

Starting with 7.10, curl verifies SSL server certificates by default.

## 2003

January: Started working on the distributed curl tests. The autobuilds.

February: the curl site averages at 20000 visits weekly. At any given moment,
there is an average of 3 people browsing the website.

Multiple new authentication schemes are supported: Digest (May), NTLM (June)
and Negotiate (June).

November: curl 7.10.8 is released. 45000 lines of code. ~55000 unique visitors
to the website. Five official web mirrors.

December: full-fledged SSL for FTP is supported.

## 2004

January: curl 7.11.0 introduced large file support.

June: curl 7.12.0 introduced IDN support. 10 official web mirrors.

This release bumped the major SONAME to 3 due to the removal of the
`curl_formparse()` function

August: curl and libcurl 7.12.1

    Public curl release number:                82
    Releases counted from the beginning:      109
    Available command line options:            96
    Available curl_easy_setopt() options:     120
    Number of public functions in libcurl:     36
    Amount of public website mirrors:          12
    Number of known libcurl bindings:          26

## 2005

April: GnuTLS can now optionally be used for the secure layer when curl is
built.

April: Added the multi_socket() API

September: TFTP support was added.

More than 100,000 unique visitors of the curl website. 25 mirrors.

December: security vulnerability: libcurl URL Buffer Overflow

## 2006

January: We dropped support for Gopher. We found bugs in the implementation
that turned out to have been introduced years ago, so with the conclusion that
nobody had found out in all this time we removed it instead of fixing it.

March: security vulnerability: libcurl TFTP Packet Buffer Overflow

September: The major SONAME number for libcurl was bumped to 4 due to the
removal of ftp third party transfer support.

October: we started to offer the Mozilla CA cert bundle as a PEM file on the
curl website.

November: Added SCP and SFTP support

## 2007

February: Added support for the Mozilla NSS library to do the SSL/TLS stuff

July: security vulnerability: libcurl GnuTLS insufficient cert verification

## 2008

November:

    Command line options:         128
    curl_easy_setopt() options:   158
    Public functions in libcurl:   58
    Known libcurl bindings:        37
    Contributors:                 683

145,000 unique visitors. >100 GB downloaded.

## 2009

March: security vulnerability: libcurl Arbitrary File Access

April: added CMake support

August: security vulnerability: libcurl embedded zero in cert name

December: Added support for IMAP, POP3 and SMTP

## 2010

January: Added support for RTSP

February: security vulnerability: libcurl data callback excessive length

March: The project switched over to use git (hosted by GitHub) instead of CVS
for source code control

May: Added support for RTMP

Added support for PolarSSL to do the SSL/TLS stuff

August:

    Public curl releases:         117
    Command line options:         138
    curl_easy_setopt() options:   180
    Public functions in libcurl:   58
    Known libcurl bindings:        39
    Contributors:                 808

Gopher support added (re-added actually, see January 2006)

## 2011

February: added support for the axTLS backend

April: added the cyassl backend (later renamed to wolfSSL)

## 2012

July: Added support for Schannel (native Windows TLS backend) and Darwin SSL
(Native Mac OS X and iOS TLS backend).

Supports Metalink

October: SSH-agent support.

## 2013

February: Cleaned up internals to always uses the "multi" non-blocking
approach internally and only expose the blocking API with a wrapper.

September: First small steps on supporting HTTP/2 with nghttp2.

October: Removed krb4 support.

December: Happy eyeballs.

## 2014

March: first real release supporting HTTP/2

September: Website had 245,000 unique visitors and served 236GB data

SMB and SMBS support

## 2015

June: support for multiplexing with HTTP/2

August: support for HTTP/2 server push

September: started "everything curl". A separate stand-alone book documenting
curl and related info in perhaps a more tutorial style rather than a
reference,

December: Public Suffix List

## 2016

January: the curl tool defaults to HTTP/2 for HTTPS URLs

June 26: Rafael Sagula, author of the original httpget tool in 1996 died.

December: curl 7.52.0 introduced support for HTTPS-proxy

First TLS 1.3 support

## 2017

May: Fastly starts hosting the curl website

July: OSS-Fuzz started fuzzing libcurl

September: Added MultiSSL support

The website serves 3100 GB/month

   Public curl releases:         169
   Command line options:         211
   curl_easy_setopt() options:   249
   Public functions in libcurl:  74
   Contributors:                 1609

October: SSLKEYLOGFILE support, new MIME API

October: Daniel received the Polhem Prize for his work on curl

November: brotli

## 2018

January: new SSH backend powered by libssh

March: starting with the 1803 release of Windows 10, curl is shipped bundled
with Microsoft's operating system.

July: curl shows headers using bold type face

October: added DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) and the URL API

MesaLink is a new supported TLS backend

libcurl now does HTTP/2 (and multiplexing) by default on HTTPS URLs

curl and libcurl are installed in an estimated 5 *billion* instances
world-wide.

October 31: curl and libcurl 7.62.0

   Public curl releases:         177
   Command line options:         219
   curl_easy_setopt() options:   261
   Public functions in libcurl:  80
   Contributors:                 1808

December: removed axTLS support

## 2019

January: Daniel started working full-time on curl, employed by wolfSSL

March: added experimental alt-svc support

August: the first HTTP/3 requests with curl.

September: 7.66.0 is released and the tool offers parallel downloads

## 2020

curl and libcurl are installed in an estimated 10 *billion* instances
world-wide.

January: added BearSSL support

March: removed support for PolarSSL, added wolfSSH support. Created the first
dashboard on the website.

April: experimental MQTT support

August: zstd support

November: the website moves to curl.se. The website serves 10TB data monthly.

December: alt-svc support

## 2021

February 3: curl 7.75.0 ships with support for Hyper as an HTTP backend

March 31: curl 7.76.0 ships with support for Rustls

July: HSTS is supported

## 2022

March: added --json, removed mesalink support

    Public curl releases:         206
    Command line options:         245
    curl_easy_setopt() options:   295
    Public functions in libcurl:  86
    Contributors:                 2601

The curl.se website serves 16,500 GB/month over 462M requests, the
official docker image has been pulled 4,098,015,431 times.

April: added support for msh3 as another HTTP/3 backend

October: initial WebSocket support

## 2023

March: remove support for curl_off_t < 8 bytes

March 31: we started working on a new command line tool for URL parsing and
manipulations: trurl.

May: added support for HTTP/2 over HTTPS proxy. Refuse to resolve .onion. The
curl GitHub repository reaches 30,000 stars.

August: Dropped support for the NSS library

September: added "variable" support in the command line tool. Dropped support
for the gskit TLS library.

October: added support for IPFS via HTTP gateway

December: HTTP/3 support with ngtcp2 is no longer experimental

## 2024

January: switched to "curldown" for all documentation

April 24: the curl container has been pulled more than six billion times

May: experimental support for ECH, dropped NTLM_WB

August 9: we adopted the wcurl tool into the curl organization

September 11: --help [option]

November 6: TLS 1.3 early data, WebSocket is official

December 21: dropped hyper

## 2025

February 5: first 0RTT for QUIC, SSL session import/export

February: experimental HTTPS RR support

February 22: The website served 62.95 TB/month; 12.43 billion requests. The
docker image has been pulled 6373501745 times.

June: we removed support for BearSSL, Secure Transport and msh3

October: Daniel gets awarded a gold medal by the Swedish Royal Academy of
Engineering Sciences for his work on curl.

We counted curl having been installed on 110 operating systems and 28 CPU
architectures.

November:

    Public curl releases:         271
    Command line options:         273
    curl_easy_setopt() options:   308
    Public functions in libcurl:  100
    Contributors:                 3534

We drop support for krb-ftp, Heimdal, wolfSSH and the winbuild build system.

Add support for Apple SecTrust, native CA certs on Apple systems.

December 15: the website served 78 TB over the last month.

## 2026

April: removed support for RTMP
